Osteology Definition and Applications

Osteology is the science of bones, both of humans and animals. Osteologists work in careers ranging from sports medicine to forensics. Key Takeaways: Osteology Osteology is the science of bones, both of humans and animals.It can be used in a variety of applications, including criminal investigations, engineering, and the study of human evolution.Osteology should not be confused with osteopathy, which is a type of alternative medicine that emphasizes the healing of the â€Å"whole patient.† Definition of Osteology Osteology covers the study, identification, and analysis of bones, including their structures and functions. There are two main subdivisions of osteology: human and animal. Human Osteology In the human body, there are 206 bones, which can be classified according to their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Bones are also made of different types of tissues based on their texture—there is compact bone, which is found on the surface of bones and is dense and solid, and spongy bone, which is porous and is found on the inside of bones. Bones have several functions, which include: Acting as a frame to support the body and protect our organs like the heart and lungs. Muscles, tendons, and ligaments also attach to our bones to help us move.Producing blood cells and platelets, which are important for the formation of new blood and for healing wounds.Storing minerals like calcium and phosphorus, as well as energy reserves like lipids. Animal Osteology Animal bones can differ from human bones in things like their structure, density, and mineral content. Birds, for example, have hollow bones for air sacs that help the birds get enough oxygen to fly. The teeth of other animals can also be shaped differently depending on that animal’s diet. For example, herbivores like cows have wide, flat teeth to help them chew plant matter. Applications of Osteology Since bones can provide a lot of information about an individual, osteology is used in a variety of applications, which include: Elucidating the diet and evolution of humans over time, as well as diseases they may have incurredIdentifying remains dug up at a historical siteInvestigating a criminal sceneShowing the migration of humans across different places throughout history Careers in Osteology Forensic Osteologists Forensic anthropologist Tracy Van Deest takes an inventory of skeletal bones at the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner on December 9, 2014 in Tucson, Arizona. Getty Images / Getty Images News / John Moore. Forensic osteologists or anthropologists look at the remains of bodies to aid in investigations with unidentified remains. This study can be done in conjunction with medical examiners who may focus on any remaining soft tissues. Forensic osteologists can look at a number of factors to help in the investigation: Identifying whether the bone is human. The forensic osteologist can often use a process of elimination to determine whether the bones have the characteristic sizes, shapes, and densities of human bones. Osteologists can also identify whether the remains indicate an animal that walks on two legs, like humans do. If the bones are not big enough for identification, osteologists can look at them under the microscope.Identifying how many individuals were at the scene. If there are too many of a certain type of bone, this may indicate that more than one person is present. They can also check whether certain bones fit correctly against each other.Fitting a profile to the unknown remains. Based on factors such as tooth growth and the size and morphology of bones, forensic osteologists can figure out the age and sex of the humans.Reconstructing events like the cause of death. For example, the bones may differ depending on whether the person was hit with a sharp or blunt object. The forensic o steologist may also figure out what may have happened to a body after death, such as if it had been rained on or damaged by plants. Physical Anthropologists altmodern / Getty Images. Physical (or biological) anthropologists study the diversity and evolution of humans. For example, if you’ve ever seen a picture of how humans evolved from monkeys, or how the jaws of humans evolved over time, those pictures were probably figured out by physical anthropologists. To figure out exactly how humans evolved over time, physical anthropologists rely on osteology to piece apart the lives of individuals by looking at their skeletons. Analyzing their bones can help a physical anthropologist identify factors such as the diet, age, sex, and cause of death. Such anthropologists can also look at the bones of other primates to piece apart how humans may have evolved from a monkey ancestor. For example, human skulls can be distinguished from chimpanzee skulls in the size of their teeth and the shape of their skull. Physical anthropologists aren’t limited to just primates, either. Scientists can also study how the bone structure of a human compares to other animals like giraffes. Medicine and Engineering JohnnyGreig / Getty Images. Osteology is also very important for medicine and engineering. For example, understanding how the bones work can help doctors fit prosthetic limbs to a patient, and help engineers design artificial limbs that can work with the human body. In sports medicine, bones can also help predict the success of an athlete, and help doctors prescribe treatments that will help bones mend correctly. Osteology is also important for astronauts, whose bone density may shift due to the lower gravity in outer space. Osteology vs. Osteopathy Although osteology sounds very similar to osteopathy, the two terms should not be confused with one another. Osteopathy is a type of alternative medicine that aims to treat the â€Å"whole patient† (in mind, body, and spirit) and emphasizes the role of the musculoskeletal system in human health. Sources Boyd, Donna. â€Å"Forensic Anthropology Best Practices for Law Enforcement.† Radford University Forensic Science Institute, Radford University, May 2013, www.radford.edu/content/csat/home/forensic-science/outreach.html.Hubley, Mark. â€Å"7. Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function.† Human Anatomy Physiology I, Prince Georges Community College, academic.pgcc.edu/~mhubley/ap/ap.htm.Persons, B. â€Å"Week 8: Comparative Osteology.† UA Outreach: Anthropology Partnership, The University of Alabama, 21 Apr. 2014, anthropology.ua.edu/blogs/tmseanthro/2014/04/21/week-8-comparative-osteology/.

Pollution Is Not A Big Problem - 1422 Words

Although thought to be â€Å"not a big problem† and â€Å"under control† by most people, pollution is making its way in being a serious and an unforgiving threat to society. Pollution a topic everyone hears and knows exists. What they don’t know is how serious of a problem it is already becoming. Many health issues are being reported now that are linked to air pollution and even the most severe weather places have encountered are linked to air pollution also. By society, not fully being aware of the true threat that pollution is making, it will only become a growing threat that they will be encountering. Jain, who is an 18 year old boy, is suffering from the lack of oxygen in his blood that flows through the body. This is caused by the pollution he is constantly breathing in all day. It doesn’t end with him just yet, but the millions of people who also live in Delhi. The pollution is so bad in there, that it is equivalent to smoking 10 cigarettes a day. The comment â€Å"Everyone is a smoker† said by Rajesh is referring to the people who are breathing in the poor air quality and the harm it brings. Jain survived that night, but now has asthma and is now required to check in with a doctor regularly to make sure he is healthy. He started to wear a mask outside to help reduce further damage to his health conditions. This still doesn’t prevent him from having attacks, but it does reduce the number of attacks and makes them less severe. This is just one story from the millionsShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution: Is It as Big of a Problem as We Think?2525 Words   |  11 PagesWater Pollution: Is it as big of a problem as we think? The following essay will be looking at the factors that cause pollution, and the effect that pollution has on our world today. It will also investigate what it has in store for the future if things do not improve. It will also explore some of the methods used to treat and clean-up wastewater, and oil spills. 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Throughout this research paper the different categories of pollution will be explained more in depth. Also there will be ideas or things we can all do to minimize ocean pollution and stop causing so much stress to the ocean’s ecosystem. It will also specify the importance of minimizing pollution in the ocean and how much damage it can cause. The ocean s ecosystem is underRead MoreEssay On Marine Pollution1401 Words   |  6 PagesPollution is introduced into our oceans by humans both indirectly and directly or by substances of energy. Not only does this pollution affect our oceans and all sea life, but it also affects the consumers of sea-food. Ultimately what we put into our oceans goes into what is collected and eaten out of the ocean. It is a vicious cycle that we have brought upon ourselves. 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The Darkness of Goya free essay sample

This paper illuminates the life of the painter Goya and his masterful Saturn Devouring His Children. The author states that there have been few artists more dark and introspective than Goya. Saturn Devouring His Children is an image of great power and is the most representative of his Black Pictures. The author describes the painting in detail. The life of Goya especially his deafness is review and analyzed in terms of his art. This blurring of the lines between the real and the ideal is shown in Goyas construction of the painting. The thick, heavy lines that outline Saturns fingers as he grasps his child serve to underscore the detachment between the two figures. The god is wholly distinct from his offspring. Yet the lines between his own fingers are blurred. They compress together like mittens, inhuman paws tearing into the flesh of the headless figure. Line too in most of the rest of the picture is faint, all except for the thick, black circle of the creatures mouth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Darkness of Goya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Snake By Lawrence Essays - Snakes, , Term Papers

Snake By Lawrence ?Snake? is one of Lawrence's most famous poems. Although the poem seems to be about an encounter with a snake, the true theme of the poem is the conflict between emotional behavior and learned behavior. This conflict is displayed through setting and symbolism. The poem begins with a very narrative voice and is a pleasure to read for that reason. Lawrence is exuberated in expressing his reverence for nature. In the first three stanzas of the poem the setting is established and the movement of the snake is described. The poem took place in a garden near his house because the boy was in pajamas and under the shade of ?a great dark carob-tree.? The movement of the snake is described by the alliteration of the s sound in the words straight, softly, slack, and silently. Symbolism is used throughout the poem. The garden in which the poem takes place can be a symbol of the Garden of Eden, and the snake, a symbol of the devil. A snake is a symbol of evil, but a snake is also a symbol of enlightenment and wisdom according to ancient civilizations. The snake, however, is the ultimate symbol of tension. The tension in the young boy is caused because he has to make a decision. When he encounters the snake, he is posed with the question to kill the snake or to let it leave unharmed, to act upon his human education or his instinct. While the snake is drinking at the trough, the boy's emotions are in conflict. Even though the boy was scared, he was even more honored that the snake should seek his hospitality. Once the snake started to leave, the boy's time was running out. He had to make a decision. Because of his ?accursed human education,? he decided to act in an evil way and throw a log at the snake. Does this suggest that the snake is not evil, but the soul in man is inherently evil? Or is the snake evil because he was retreating into the evil darkness of hell symbolized by the hole in the fissure? Once the boy threw the log at the snake, he immediately regretted it, revealing ?I thought how paltry, how vulgar, what a mean act?I wish he would come back, my snake.? After the boy threw the log, he recognized the innocence of the snake noting, ?And so, I missed my chance with one of the lords/ Of life.? This illustrates man always trying to rob the dignity from all Godly creatures, and how petty it is. Through this poem, Lawrence has illustrated his point about strife and the clash of opposites. The symbols used in this poem are very ambiguous because they can be interpreted many ways. The snake can be a symbol of evil, enlightenment and wisdom, or tension. The boy battles through many emotions in this poem, finally coming to the realization that men are inherently evil.

Video Production essays

Video Production essays Video production is something I have been doing for approximately 5 years now and I continue working with it as a hobby and a part time business. The field of video production is growing rapidly in many exciting and new ways, one of which is film now undoubtedly film is larger than any time it has ever been, it is no longer the way it use to be where the story and the direction were the main aspects of making a hit. New technology has led to new advances in film such as 3d Animation and sound production, movies now are rated for things like sound quality and production, special effects and quality of production where a few decades ago a good flick became a good flick because of the way it was filmed and the story it told. In other ways video production has been growing technologically as well as artistically, it is becoming more and more competitive to make a good video for even simple businesses like those who film events. In my field I film events like weddings and engagements, and believe it or not even though it doesnt sound like such a huge job, I believe that the minimum budget for such a business lies somewhere around fifty thousand dollars, most of which would be spent on a six thousand dollar camera, a three to six thousand dollar editing station and that is not counting miscellaneous equipment like batteries and tape. Why tape you ask? Well DV and MiniDV is becoming a standard format which you can use over and over as if it were a hard drive, well in a sense it is because unlike the conventional VHS tapes that record picture magnetically on a strip of tape, DV records or better said encodes data on tape in a similar way as a floppy would, which is the very reason why the quality is so good. Besides having an eye for video and knowing what to do when looking through a viewfinder, pretty much being your own director/camera man it takes a good amount of skill and artistic qualities to edit and pr...

Ancient Rome The Birthplace of Modern Sports

Ancient Rome The Birthplace of Modern Sports Introduction The popularity of sporting competition in the modern society reflects that of the ancient Roman Empire’s vision for its society. Entertainment was an important aspect of the daily life of Roman citizens, hence their interest in sporting games and events. Most of today’s sporting games can be traced back to these games, albeit with a few or major changes. Games such as horseracing, ball games, board games, and the gladiator fights, which began in Rome, are still enjoyed in different parts of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Rome: The Birthplace of Modern Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several aspects of sporting events in ancient Rome can be observed today, for example, the similarity of gladiator contests to organized modern sports (Ow, para. 1). Gladiators were trained in special schools using methods are still used in training today’s professional athlete s. Several aspects of the gladiatorial games can be readily observed in today’s football, hockey, boxing, and wrestling contests in these events, the opponents dress in some form of armor, use game weapons, attract huge crowds, adopt fancy names and titles and frequently gain much popularity and prosperity (Hicks, para. 3). Even the stadium architecture used back in the day is still in application. Modern-day horse and vehicle racing competitions exhibit great resemblance to the Circus-Maximus in Rome, where horses competed and the chariots crashed into each other to the delight of crowds. Discussion Sporting events and activities in ancient Rome were very popular among the natives. The Colosseum in Rome, where most sporting events were held, was a huge showground that could hold more than 45,000 people. It was here that the Romans came to watch the violent and sometimes bloody battles that associated with the Romans. Events consisted of battles between gladiators, and even b etween gladiators and wild animals such as lions (Oracle, para. 8). Another favorite sport was chariot racing. This sport exhibited stiff competition and often ended in injury or death of the participants or their horses. Roman charioteers, most of whom were slaves, were referred to as aurigae and would partake in this sport to become prominent, earn sufficient money, and buy their freedom. Chariot racing was one of the most popular sports in ancient Rome, it later spread to other parts of the world and is a favorite sport in some nations. Sporting events turned into a show of display with fierce competition as the winners were rewarded and became popular and were subject to favors. To ensure that the games attracted huge numbers, the authorities spent a lot of money on the games but entrance, in most cases, was free. Publicly financed games also continued into the provinces with each region having its own amphitheater. Amphitheaters were the most common venues for sporting activiti es, the first of which was built at around 29 BC.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The amphitheater was oval or elliptical with sloping seats and supported on solid rocks. They were initially carved out of earth but this changed and the Romans started using cement to strengthen them. A velum protected the crowd from elements of weather and in larger structures, underground floors were constructed to hold animals before a battle (Oracle, para. 10). The stands offered a spectacular view of the arena and with the crowds cheering on their favorite teams or individual, the view from the stands must have been a wonderful experience for anyone who attended. Despite borrowing heavily from the ancient Roman, today’s sporting events are not about competition anymore, rather, they are focused on making profits. Competition is an integral ethos of the game as it creates ferv or within the spectators, just as it was in ancient Rome. It is common to hear of match fixing and game cheats aimed at making some teams win through unfair tactics that were devoid in the ancient events. Influence of Roman Stadiums The architecture of the Roman amphitheaters can be easily recognized in today’s stadiums. The amphitheaters were elliptical or near-circle in shape. The most famous of these was the Colosseum which covered almost six acres and with a height of 48.5 m. The structure is classical template for today’s stadia; the sloping seats, retractable roof, elliptical shape†¦ all these borrow from the ancient Roman architecture. Modern sports has not only borrowed in the sphere of architecture, it has also borrowed aspects such as pre-game rituals and names. For example, the University of South California’s stadium is referred to as The Coliseum, even though the stadium is larger than the real Coliseum, it borrows from the Roman architecture, similar to most stadia. The Romans developed cement by mixing volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius with slaked lime, this created a product that could harden when mixed with water and they used this to make building foundations to most of their structures, including the Coliseum. This has been replicated in the construction of modern stadia. Despite the Romans’ dexterity in construction, historical evidence suggests that the stadium construction began in Greece, the word itself comes from the Greek word â€Å"stadion†, a measure of length equal to 200m. The Romans just emulated what had begun years earlier.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Rome: The Birthplace of Modern Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Training of Gladiators Gladiators were trained in special institutions initially run by private individuals, but later possessed by the imperial state to avoid the emergence of a private milita ry. The fighters were trained like athletes, similar to modern day training of professional athletes (Meijer, pp. 67). They were given medical attention and were served food thrice a day. They were trained on the usa of various weapons (Ablemedia, para. 1). Successful gladiators became respectable and were famous among the low and high in the society and their role as entertainers was honored in valuable and commonplace items all over the empire. The athletes stayed in cells within the training school and a typical day would have begun with a breakfast followed by some light warm-up exercise. Immediately, they would go into full training in the presence of their trainer, only breaking at lunch, and resuming in the afternoon. This is unlike modern athletes who hire a private coach and return to their residential areas after training, besides, today’s training procedure is more structured and everything is done according to book. Conclusion The Romans have had had a huge influe nce in today’s sporting activities and events. Their contribution is not only in field events, it can be seen in other outdoor activities such as horseracing, called Chariot racing in ancient Rome. The Romans participated in boxing, ball games and Greek-style athletics too, all popular sports today. However, it can not be said that the more common sporting activities have their origin among the ancient Romans, but they definitely adopted them with so much zeal that laws had to be enacted to control them! Ablemedia. Gladiatorial Training Combat. 2007. Web. Hicks, Jesse. Probing Question: Is Football the Gladiator Sport for Modern Americans? September 14, 2009. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Meijer, Fik. The Gladiators: The Deadliest Sport. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2003. Ow, Yong-Ling. Violence and the Romans: The Arena Spectacles. 1994. Web. Oracle. Daily Life. 2010. Web.

International Construction Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International Construction Contracts - Essay Example ligation that is voluntary, contrast to paying different compensations for restitution and tort in order to reverse any unjust enrichment, the English law places value on making sure that people truly consent to the deals binding them in court2. In general, a contract is formed when an individual makes an offer that is accepted by another person by communicating their performing or assent terms. If these terms are certain and contracting individuals can be presumed based on their behavior intending that the terms and condition are binding, the agreement is enforced. According to English contract law, contract law works best in situations where an agreement is achieved, and a resource to courts is not needed due to parties understanding their duties and right. According to the failure to give possession clause, which is Clause 43. 2, states that in case a contractor incurs costs or suffers delay from failure on the employer’s part to give possession according to the terms guided by sub-clause 42.1, the contractor shall, after consultations with the employer, determine the extension of time entitled to him or her according to clause 44, and the cost that shall be added to agreed contract price3. In this case, the contractor incurred additional cost due to delays cause by the employer. The contractor requested for time extension and additional cost to compensate for the cost incurred during the time and that shall be incurred in futures due to the delays. NCG should not to follow the conflict resolution process and accept the 60% offer given. I would advise NCG to avoid any other pursuit for more time and cost because according to the conditions of work contract of civil engineers construction 4th edition, the company is entitled to an extension of time and cost as decided by the engineer. According to this situation, the engineer had determined that the time and cost that the project needed was half of the cost and time. According to the English law, the engineer

Marketing related Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing related - Essay Example Be it professionals or lay people, all are subject to unwanted intrusions as a result of this phenomena. Even if the user follows stringent security measures and installs software to set parental controls, perform regular disk clean-up and remove temporary internet files on a regular basis, cookies can still record and disclose confidential personal/business information to marketers. For some business enterprises, such â€Å"leakage† of strategic information could deprive them of competitive edge. If professionally managed business corporations are at risk, then the individual user (who in most cases is not a computer expert) is even more vulnerable. Sadly though, the cookie aided internet marketing practice has now become a multi-million dollar industry. Needless to say, exploiting gullible internet users in order to increase profits does not meet even the basic ethical standards. In spite of all the justifications that the marketers provide in favor of this practice, spying on unsuspecting customers of a competitor in order to target advertisements at them is not at all ethical. These unethical marketers are not the only ones spying on internet users. A few online companies discreetly distribute viruses such as Trojan horses into the computer hardware, which then sends back the gathered personal information data to the home source. Also, the majority of the cookies that internet users download into their personal computers are innocuous if not actually helpful in making browsing easier. The ease of use can be discerned when the user reopens an already exited website. But this fact is taken advantage of by unethical marketers to maximize their profits at the cost of individual privacy. When it comes to sly marketing practices such as the employment of cookies, the whole enterprise is ethically wrong. To defraud, deceive, abuse, exploit, damage or take from innocent consumers is what this practice

Homemade Plastic Baggy Ice Cream Essay Example for Free

Homemade Plastic Baggy Ice Cream Essay Ever really want ice cream but did not feel like going out to get it? Now you can make it at home with no ice cream maker needed to make it. Ice cream is surprisingly easy to make yourself. It is also a fun yet quick process. There are only a few steps in creating this delicious, loved, cold treat. All you need is a few ingredients and to shake, shake, shake! The first thing you will need to do is gather all of the items that you need. To make plastic baggy ice cream you will need the following; sugar, half and half, salt; rock salt works best, vanilla, ice cubes; enough to fill half of the gallon size bag, one pint size Ziploc bag, and one gallon size Ziploc bag. After all of your items are gathered, the sugar, half and half, and salt will all have to be measured out. You will need two tablespoons of sugar, a half teaspoon of vanilla, one cup of half and half, and a half a cup of salt. Once everything is gathered, measured, and ready to go, it is time to get started adding everything together. The first thing you will want to do is open your small, pint size plastic baggy. Next you will want to combine your sugar with the half and half and vanilla all in the plastic bag. Once everything is in the baggy, make sure it is closed and sealed tight. Afterwards, you will need to get the gallon size bag ready. Open your gallon Ziploc bag and fill it about half full with ice. Once the ice is in the baggy, add the half cup of salt right into the gallon bag, over the ice. Before you close your bag, place the sealed, pint size bag in along with the salt and ice. When the pint size bag has been placed into the gallon size, seal the gallon size back tight. After everything is combined into the right baggies and they are sealed tight, it is time to shake. It should take about five minutes or so of continuous shaking to start seeing the difference of the liquid turning into the solid. You want to shake the gallon size bag really well until you can feel the mixture of things in the pint size bag starting to get ice cream textured. Immediately following the shaking of the bag and the pint size bag is starting to harden, carefully open the gallon size bag. Make sure to open the bag carefully because you do not want the ice falling out. Once you have opened the bag, pull the pint size bag out of the gallon size bag. Your ice cream is now ready to eat! You will usually have a single serve size or two serving sizes. In the end, you can add whatever mixings you want to; sugars, sprinkles, chocolate sauce, etcetera. Making ice cream at home is not hard at all and there are only a couple of supplies needed in order to do so! Furthermore, making plastic bag ice cream is a great activity to do especially with kids! It is a fun way to get your children and their friends involved with making their own ice cream and learning measurements. It is a very simple activity. It also gives you a free, all access pass to the delicious treat you love, as well as an easy clean up! All there is to do in the end is simple, dump the ice out of the gallon baggy and throw both bags out.

How to get in the Music Industry :: essays research papers

Marketing Secret #1: To be successful, it doesn’t matter how good of a musician you are, all that matters is how well you market yourself! Don’t get me wrong, being good is important to get repeat bookings and referrals. But when you are getting a customer for the first time, all that matters is how well you can market yourself. If you can’t market yourself, being a great musician isn’t worth a damn! Marketing Secret #2: Your marketing and advertising must be completely accountable and measurable. Let me simplify, if you run an ad for $100, you should know (down to the penny) the exact profit or loss of your ad. This way, you’ll know which ads are successful, and which should be dumped like a bad date. If your marketing isn’t measurable, you’ll waste far more money than you’ll ever make. Take a moment and look at the ads you see in newspapers, magazines, television, etc†¦ How many of them can be accurately measured? That’s right – none! Marketing Secret #3: Develop a strong lead generation campaign. Lead generation is the most important part of your music business. You see, if you don’t have a constant and consistent stream of highly qualified prospects coming to you†¦ You won’t be successful. This is one of the most important things that you MUST do to be successful. By using tiny display ads and lead generation letters, you can create a consistent stream of white-hot, qualified prospects. Marketing Secret #4: Create a multi-step direct marketing campaign. You can’t send out a crumby brochure one time and expect a gigantic stampede of response. That’s not how it works! The easiest and most efficient way to convert prospects to customers is by sending a sequence of perfectly timed and well written letters. This requires almost no work at all, and produces enormous results. Marketing Secret #5: Create multiple streams of income. There are a ton of professional musicians making a ton of money because of this secret. For you to be outrageously successful as a professional musician, you must have other ways to make money in addition to performing. This doesn’t mean that you have a daytime job or you wait tables on the side! It means that you have something to sell to your customers and/or other musicians.

Changes That Have Occurred To The National Curriculum Education Essay

‘Since the debut of the National Curriculum in 1992, a figure of alterations have been made to its construction and execution. Identify and explicate these alterations and measure the part of the National Curriculum in the attempt to raise criterions in Education ‘ . By Keith Lyons This essay will depict, place and explicate the alterations that have occurred to the ‘National Curriculum ‘ ( NC ) since its construct in 1992. It will besides measure these alterations and measure the benefits and troubles that it has experienced since 1992. The ‘Education Reform Act ‘ ( ERA ) came into consequence in 1988, this enabled Kenneth Baker the Conservative Minister of Education to implement the roll-out of the National Curriculum in 1992 within primary / secondary instruction. However, prior to 1992 there had been no National Curriculum and antecedently instructors had worked out their ain strategies of work that they deemed appropriate for their students. As a consequence of this the criterion of instruction across the state varied well and the methods employed to learn were wide-ranging. With the execution of the National Curriculum in 1992, duty was shifted off from instructors to centralized authorities over what was to be taught. The National Curriculum established a ‘set-framework ‘ of larning to enable kids to travel freely between schools as they would be larning from the same model. The National Curriculum ensured that schools taught a certain scope of topics, this consisted of 10 topics. The topics were divided into two sub-categories ( nucleus and foundation ) . The three chief nucleus topics were English, Maths and Science, and together with seven other foundation topics ( Art, Home Economics. Music, History, a Modern Foreign Language ( merely compulsory in secondary schools ) , Geography and Physical Education created the foundation of the National Curriculum. Compulsory National trials ( SATS ) were introduced at 7, 11 and 14 on nucleus topics. The consequences are published yearly in conference tabular arraies ( along with GCSE/A degrees and hooky statistics ) . Changes occurred to the National Curriculum from its origin. Rather than being embraced the National Curriculum was met with ill will from some instructors and most of the larger instructors brotherhoods. One of the chief unfavorable judgments of the National Curriculum by instructors and learning brotherhoods was that at first glimpse that it contained far excessively many topics and was considered to be excessively stiff, compared to what was antecedently taught. This meant that it was hard to learn the topic good as the pupils had to larn so many topics, and they presumed that it would be really hard for pupils. The National Curriculum was besides criticized for being highly ‘Eurocentric ‘ , as it was chiefly focused around European civilization, giving those from cultural backgrounds really small chance to larn about their roots. Certain subdivisions of the populace besides argued that the authorities deliberately fashioned the National Curriculum to take topics which they as a political party are against for political grounds, such as sociology, political relations, and environmental scientific disciplines ( they were ne'er contained in the National Curriculum ) . However, a benefit to the National Curriculum was that instructors now had to educate pupils in a scope of topics. This gave kids / pupils a better start for the accomplishments they would necessitate for subsequently in life. It was besides disputed that the national Curriculum helped to cut down the division of misss and boys topics, as both sexes were taught the same topics. This helped to cut down the stereotyping of gender. In 1993, instructors decided to boycott the national course of study proving agreements ( SATS ) after kicking about the work load. The Secretary of State for Education, in a move in the right way asked Sir Ron Dearing, who was the current Chairman of the School Curriculum and Assessment AuthorityHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bookrags.com/tandf/school-curriculum-and-assessment-tf # p2000a9f68830215001 † ( SCAA ) , to reexamine the national course of study. Dearing made an Interim Report in 1993 and a Final Report in 1994 ( The Dearing Report ) after a period of audience with instructors and the instructors brotherhoods. In his study his recommended on slimming down the course of study, and bettering its disposal. He besides recommended that the slimmed down national course of study should non be altered for five old ages and that national trials should be simplified without giving cogency or dependability. The revised course of study was implemented from August 1995. The 1992, Ofsted ( The Office for Standards in Education ) formed as portion of the major inspection and repair and centralization of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extended testing in schools and the publication of conference tabular arraies. Ofsted reviews were carried out on school every 6 old ages. This alteration was introduced as it was believed criterions needed to be raised in schools. Many people thought Ofsted reviews were a good thought, if schools were neglecting, it was noticed and steps were put in topographic point in order to better these schools. However, Ofsted were besides frequently seen to be excessively rigorous on schools, doing it hard for schools to go through review extremely. Besides, it was felt that many instructors and schools would better their instruction criterions while they were being inspected. Some schools would besides direct some of their worst behaved pupils on school trips for the reviews. This defeated the object of Ofsted reviews as it was n't the normal instruction criterions that were being tested. Recent reviews by Ofsted have revealed that although a good proportion of schools had improved since they were last checkered many were calming weakness. Figures released by Ofsted in 2009 show that 11 % of schools checked since last September were rated outstanding, while 9 % were non up to rub. [ Angela Harrison, BBC ] In the twelvemonth 2006-07, 14 % of those checked were outstanding and 6 % were â€Å" unequal † . [ Angela Harrison, BBC ] In 1997, the incoming ‘The New Labour Government ‘ came into power in the UK. They Introduced the National Literacy Strategy to all Primary Schools in England from September 1998 after puting marks for students at Key Stage 2 in English ( 80 % ) , Mathematics ( 75 ) , but non in Science. Previously a pilot undertaking had been tested during 1996, which involved schools in 14 Local Education Authorities. The scheme was planned for instructors to learn a day-to-day Literacy Hour, which followed a form of 30 proceedingss whole category instruction, so group work and reasoning with a plenary session. A figure of paperss have been published by the Department for Education and Employment ( DfEE ) to assist instructors raise criterions in literacy at the clip. The National Literacy Strategy model endeavoured to better criterions for all primary aged students. The scheme ‘s intent was to do certain that all students were having on a day-to-day footing dedicated one hr of literacy. The terminal consequence would give pupils the chance to develop accomplishments in reading, grammar, spelling, and unwritten work and assist raise criterions in instruction and acquisition. In the undermentioned twelvemonth of September 1999 The National Numeracy Strategy model was introduced and like the literacy scheme, aimed at raising criterions for all primary students. Similar to the National Literacy Strategy it prescribed a one hr day-to-day mathematics lesson for all students. The Five Year Review in 2000 set out the chief purposes and intents of the National Curriculum for the first clip. The four chief intents of the National Curriculum are: To set up an entitlement. To set up criterions. To advance continuity and coherency. To advance public apprehension. The National Curriculum has been put into topographic point in the hope that kids will accomplish and will hold an entitlement to larning irrespective of their background, be it race, gender, cultural or otherwise.A It besides makes outlooks for kids ‘s attainment explicit for all concerned and sets out national criterions for performance.A These criterions can so be used for mark scene, mensurating advancement and monitoring patterned advance. The Foundation Stage was introduced by the Labour authorities in 2000, to supply counsel for scenes which provide attention and instruction to pre-school kids ( aged 3 to 5 ) . It was named the Foundation Stage because â€Å" †¦ it lays the foundations for kids ‘s subsequently larning. † [ Neaum and Tallack, 2002 ] . It evolved from the Rumbold Report of 1990, which investigated the educational proviso for the under 5 ‘s, and found that there was a patchy, unplanned course of study which was unsatisfactory. In 2004 a reappraisal was carried out of Key Stage 4, from this reappraisal the debut of ‘Entitlement topics ‘ . The Curriculum Entitlement Framework provides students with entree to a wider scope of larning chances suited to their demands, aptitudes and involvements, irrespective of where they live or the school they attend. In 2007 the authorities abolished formal written Key Stage 1 SATS and replaced them with instructor recorded appraisals. The Key Stage 1 appraisals are really low key and completed by the student ‘s instructor over a period of a few hebdomads so they will be barely cognizant that an appraisal is taking topographic point. In 2008 a reappraisal of Secondary National Curriculum resulted in new Key Stage 3 and 4 Curriculum which was introduced in 2009. This updated portion of the course of study now offers Diplomas and other options to current GCSE and A-level scrutinies. In 2009 the so current Labour authorities announces that Key Stage 3 Sats scrutinies are to be abolished and that Sir Jim Rose will be carry oning a full reappraisal of the Primary National Curriculum. The findings of the study will be implemented from September 2011. In May 2010 a general election was held and ‘New Conservative ‘ / Liberal Democrat authorities came to power under David Cameron and Nick Clegg. The hereafter changes to the new primary national course of study which were put frontward by Sir Jim Rose to be implemented from September 2011 have been shelved, the authorities saying that it does non mean to continue with the new primary course of study. Alternatively they are committed to giving schools more freedom from unneeded prescription and bureaucratism. They have ever made clear their purpose to do alterations to the National Curriculum that will guarantee ‘a grim focal point on the rudimentss and give instructors more flexibleness than the proposed new primary course of study offered. The National Curriculum has undergone considerable alteration and development over the past 20 old ages and is still being altered and adjusted at the present twenty-four hours. Controversy still exists as to the attack instruction should follow for those over the age of 14 testing is thought to be to a great extent based on callback of cognition promoting a deficiency of accomplishment development activities. Many of the original topics that were compulsory no longer are, as it was felt the course of study was excessively full. In my sentiment, since the debut of the National Curriculum, I believe that it was the anchor to greatly bettering the criterions of instruction that kids receive in today ‘s society. This is because before the criterion of instruction pupils received was extremely based on category position and was typically biased towards the in-between / upper category households, another factor was your vicinity in the state. Teachers besides taught a scope of topics that they wished to learn as there were no set subjects so what you could be taught varied across the state. This led to many pupils go forthing school with limited cognition. With the debut of the Literacy and Numeracy hours Sats consequences have increased once more of the subsequent old ages but once more now have slowed to a arrest. As seen in the tabular array below. But on the impudent side holding felt that on the whole the National Curriculum is effectual it is besides slightly flawed. Children are ‘taught to the trial ‘ at a hurt to other topics, and so they are losing out on a wide and balanced course of study. Schools and learning staff will besides acknowledge that they are being forced to â€Å" learn to the trial † ; cutting out topics such as history, geographics and art to blow up their place on national conference tabular arraies or else expression as if they are neglecting. The national trials besides distort kids ‘s instruction as they are being offered a restricted timetable as instructors are forced to concentrate on the nucleus topics. In a figure of schools an accent on trials in English, Mathematics and Science limits the scope of work in these topics in peculiar twelvemonth groups, every bit good as more loosely across the course of study in some primary schools. Having said this, the positive points outweighed the negative greatly as it was the start towards the National Curriculum that we presently have today.

Sample Pr Campaign

Communications Plan Addressing Most Pressing Reputational Issues Facing Livestrong Background of current issue facing Livestrong Foundation Lance Armstrong – the 7 time Tour De France winner, cancer survivor and founding chairman of the Livestrong Foundation, has been facing a lot of pressure and criticism from the media and the public due to allegations of doping made by the United States Anti Doping Agency (BBC, 2012). On October 17 2012 Armstrong resigned as Chairman due to allegation of doping (Mary, 2012).In November 2012, Lance Armstrong officially stepped down from the board of directors and ended his association with the Livestrong Foundation which was then known as The Lance Armstrong Foundation (Mclaggan, 2012; Vertuno, 2012). However, despite this, the opinion of the people towards the Livestrong Foundation is one of prejudice. Many companies who formally endorsed Armstrong have dropped him from their campaigns. Some of these companies were Nike, Trek Bicycles, Giro , FRS (energy products), and 24 Hours Fitness (Petchesky, 2012).Various reasons were given by the heads of these organizations as to why Armstrong was dropped. FRS Chief of Marketing commented: â€Å"this seems like a good time to part ways† while 24 Hours Fitness stated: â€Å"our business relationship with Armstrong no longer aligns with our company’s mission and values† (Schrotenboer, 2012). These and many more statements were made in regards to the doping allegations. Armstrong’s reputation and image is currently deteriorating rapidly.There are many opinions from segments of society (such as the public and the media,) regarding the Livestrong Foundation after this alleged scandal. Here is a brief overview of the situation from various stakeholders (See Appendix for Livestrong Foundation view): The Public: The public had varied opinions. There has been one section of people who have stood strongly by Lance Armstrong and the Livestrong Foundation. They stand by the fact that the foundation is still about researching a cure for cancer and so it will always be respected in the eyes of the community.Lou Hablas has supported Livestrong for years and worn the iconic yellow bracelet in honor of his uncle, stepmother and friends who have lost loved ones to cancer. The 49-year-old Georgia resident says he'll continue to wear the bracelet despite news that embattled cyclist Lance Armstrong is stepping down as chairman of the charity he founded 15 years ago. But the poster of Armstrong leading his Discovery teammates in the team time trial at the 2005 Tour de France is coming down from his office wall amid news that the U. S.Anti-Doping Agency found â€Å"overwhelming† evidence of Armstrong's involvement in doping as a professional cycler. â€Å"What Lance initiated through the formation of a foundation in his name and efforts through Livestrong far exceed this formal and seemingly final recognition of Lance's fallibility, Cancer su cks and it is much bigger than Lance Armstrong † Hablas said in an interview with CNN (CNN, 2012). The feeling of Lou Hablas mirrors the feeling of millions around the world. While they still continue to strongly support the Livestrong, their respect for Lance Armstrong has diminished due to the doping incident.They are able to separate the foundation from Lance Armstrong and the controversy surrounding Lance Armstrong does not change their opinion on the Livestrong Foundation. On the other hand, there has also been a large segment of the public who have lost their faith in the Livestrong Foundation. Wendy Adams of Manchester, Pennsylvania, and her sisters have been wearing their yellow bracelets since their father was diagnosed with end stage prostate cancer in 2004. When her father died in 2005, the family respected his wish to be cremated wearing the bracelet and spent $200 dollars on the bracelets for family and friends to hand out.Now, she says she can't wear the bracelet with pride anymore because of its connection to Armstrong and the organization. She has taken it off and vows to never again wear it. She says â€Å"Lance is Livestrong, he is the face of hope. And when that face is that of a liar, a manipulator, for me? I can't wear it with pride anymore. † (Ibid) Therefore we see that the public has different opinions regarding the Livestrong Foundation after Lance Armstrong’s doping scandal. But the vast majority of people are able to distinguish between the Livestrong Foundation and Lance Armstrong.They recognize that the Livestrong Foundation is about cancer which is much bigger than Lance Armstrong and the foundation needn’t suffer due to the Lance Armstrong scandal. The Media: The media has been investigating the Livestrong Foundation closely after the Lance Armstrong doping scandal. The Livestrong Foundation has been under intense scrutiny recently. Bill Gifford, a journalist from OUTSIDE magazine, released an article s tating that the Livestrong Foundation doesn’t in fact do much to fund research to find a cancer cure (Gifford 2012).He states in his article â€Å"Equally interesting is what the foundation doesn’t do. Most people—including nearly everybody I surveyed while reporting this story—assume that Livestrong funnels large amounts of money into cancer research. Nope. The foundation gave out a total of $20 million in research grants between 1998 and 2005, the year it began phasing out its support of hard science. A note on the foundation’s website informs visitors that, as of 2010, it no longer even accepts research proposals† (Ibid. ).Gifford also goes on to say that the primary goal of the Livestrong Foundation is to advertise and promote Lance Armstrong as he is the face of the foundation. He says â€Å"I found a curiously fuzzy mix of cancer-war goals like â€Å"survivorship† and â€Å"global awareness,† labels that seem to entail p lastering the yellow Livestrong logo on everything from T-shirts to medical conferences to soccer stadiums. Much of the foundation’s work ends up buffing the image of one Lance Edward Armstrong, which seems fair—after all, Livestrong wouldn’t exist without him.But Livestrong spends massively on advertising, PR, and â€Å"branding,† all of which helps preserve Armstrong’s marketability at a time when he’s under fire. † Such stakeholder viewpoints illustrate that Livestrong has to be careful in all its future endeavors as it is under constant scrutiny due to the doping allegations surrounding Lance Armstrong. This may have serious impacts related to the loss of Livestrong’s reputation and hence the challenge is in disassociating the Livestrong brand from its founder Lance Armstrong.The message must be communicated that Livestrong is about the fight against cancer at a global level, rather than a mere doping scandal by its founder. ————————————————- The key issues identified previously in this report highlight the importance of rebuilding Livestrong’s brand image in a manner that refocuses public attention towards Livestrong’s over-arching agenda and manifesto: To fight cancer with determination in the face of adversity.The following communications plan outlining key aims, objectives, strategies and tactics has been produced with this message at heart. The formal severing of ties with Lance Armstrong, are the first steps taken by the Livestrong Foundation towards this process. ————————————————- PHASE 1 Key Aims * Identify key stakeholders that are currently affected by the crisis, who it may affect and why. * Refocus public attention towards cancer victims and inspirational c ancer fighters supported by Livestrong. Ensure that communication is clear, compelling, continuous, consistent and sustained. * Ensure that engagement, understanding and commitment amongst internal stakeholders is achieved in relation to implementing strategies and tactics to overcome crisis. Promotional Channel: Public Relations Objective: Honest and sincere Acknowledgement of the problem Livestrong is facing, the action taken and highlighting the need to focus on the true adversary – cancer itself. Strategy: Communicate in totality to internal and external stakeholders within the next 6 months.Tactics: 1) Organising a press conference A spokesperson that holds a prominent role in the Livestrong Foundation will address the public. In preparation for the press conference, the spokesperson will be given full media training beforehand in responding to questions by the press such as: What is Livestrong’s current stance on doping? How does Livestrong plan to attract donati ons when its founding member can no longer inspire donors or call on celebrity contacts? Who will lead the organisation now that Armstrong has stepped down?What will be the next steps of the charity? etc. (More questions will be prepared for media training, closer towards the launch of the press conference). The Spokesperson will begin the conference by acknowledging the doping allegations made towards Livestrong’s former founder which have resulted in the foundation formally severing ties with Lance Armstrong. The spokesperson will then, make it explicit that it was a necessary decision made with the true cause at mind – Fighting Cancer, which at the moment is not receiving ull attention by the foundation and its public due to Armstrong’s doping allegations. The spokesperson will highlight the significant difference made by the Livestrong Foundation in its long-term fight against cancer through conducting educational programs emphasising on healthy lifestyle, a nti-stigma campaigns and Grassroots fundraising events; all done in order to raise awareness, increase outreach and facilitate collaboration in an effort to improve the situation of cancer patients.Furthermore, the spokesperson will highlight that it is important for the public to keep in mind these contributions made by Livestrong in the fight against cancer and will advise the public to ‘look at two separate people: Lance Armstrong the cycling champion allegedly turned drug-user and Lance Armstrong the cancer fighter and symbol of inspiration† of which the latter was the reason for Livestrong’s success until this point.Not only does Livestrong reach out to cancer patients, but also to those who look for inspiration, determination and hope, in their darkest hours of need. After these key points are made, the spokesperson will invite the press for a Q&A session. 2) Distributing press releases and feature articles online and offline Firstly, a number of press relea ses will be distributed to key media outlets (offline) and wired agencies (e. g. Reuters online), raising and addressing similar points to that of the press conference.Secondly, feature stories focusing on Livestrong Foundation support given to local and national cancer victims and their families will be distributed (both online and offline) in local and national media outlets. These stories will focus on an angle showing the determination of the cancer victims, survivors and their families and how Livestrong aids them in this journey through emotional and financial support; essentially, communicating in a compelling way to engage the public with Livestrong.Further, by distributing a considerable number of press releases and feature stories online, it would ensure that members of the public will encounter such stories which focus on Livestrong’s positive impact on society, in effect, proving to be a cost effective-method achieving search engine optimisation (SEO). 3) Social m edia engagement Firstly, a video release will be made (utilising YouTube) featuring the incoming board chairman of the foundation – Jeff Garvey, who outlines the next steps that will be taken by the Livestrong Foundation followed by the severing of ties with its former chairman – Lance Armstrong.This would mainly involve giving undivided attention towards the Livestrong Foundation mission in â€Å"providing free financial, practical and emotional support services for cancer survivors and their families. † This video will then be attached to Livestrong’s website, Facebook page, Twitter account and Blog. This will be followed by an invitation to the public to give their honest opinion about Livestrong and suggest ideas about what steps the foundation could take in order to better contribute to its fight against cancer.In addition, a competition will be posted on Facebook and Twitter announcing that the winner who suggests the most creative and engaging idea will have their name as part of the next Livestrong campaign title and the opportunity take part as one of the campaign team leaders. Not only will this type of approach promote symmetrical communication between Livestrong and the Public, but also indirectly suggests that Livestrong is trying its best to move past the Lance Armstrong doping scandal and refocus all its energy towards fighting cancer. ) Establishing an Intranet system for internal stakeholders of the Livestrong Foundation Given the possibility that not all members, employees and shareholders may be aware of the severity of the issue concerning Lance Armstrong’s alleged doping scandal and the strategic action taken to repair Livestrong’s reputation; an intranet will be established to provide the latest information on the issue and steps taken to rebuilding Livestrong’s brand image in a manner that refocuses public attention towards Livestrong’s battle against cancer.The intranet page will b e maintained by a trained team who will monitor current problems, predict any future revelations and watch the movements of public and media opinion closely. This will also provide the opportunity for internal stakeholders to ask questions, post responses, and contribute ideas about the crisis in a community sphere. Measurement and Evaluation Firstly, feedback could be gained from journalists, who will attend the press conference, on whether the responses given by the Livestrong Foundation were sufficient in communicating Livestrong’s future intentions and vision purely focused on battling cancer.The press releases and feature stories will be evaluated in relation to how consistent, clear and compelling they are in producing communication outcomes (e. g. Whether the key message was fully, partially, incorrectly, negative/positively, etc. conveyed . In relation to evaluating the level of public engagement with social media, they will be measured according to the tone of commun ication. For example, whether the blog, twitter and Facebook responses by the public, were positive, balanced, neutral or negative.Furthermore, this will also be measured by tracking levels of public engagement. E. g. whether target audiences are: Lurking, Casual, Active, Committed or Loyal. The activity on the intranet will be measured in a similar fashion although it would also include tracking the amount of internal stakeholder response within a period of 6 months. Given that the above strategies and tactics are successful and meet the objective, the Livestrong Foundation can move towards the 2nd phase which involves creatively utilising the promotional channels of Advertising and Viral Marketing.Note: The above strategies were considered after examining the cases of Sony and Dell when they faced a product defect issue where they avoided damages to their reputation through responses received through their established crisis website (Larkin and Register, 2008:63) Further, the case concerning the rebranding of Scope – the charity organisation for cerebral palsy – was also examined in detail (Scope, 2012). ————————————————- ————————————————- PHASE 2 Promotional Channel : AdvertisingObjective: Ensure a new and improved understanding of Livestrong by the public. Strategy: Creating a new advertisement to broadcast Livestrong’s new image. Tactics: Two different advertisements will be made for two groups of audiences. 1. Advertisement directed towards the general public: This advertisement features a little girl frolicking happily in a garden. The whole frame is colourful. Suddenly, a monster called â€Å"cancer† appears, and a thunder storm occurs. The little girl begins to cry in fear. At this time, a large number o f Livestrong wristbands appear to fight the monster and protect the little girl.The wristbands knock the monster down and sunshine prevails. The slogan: Let Livestrong Protect the One You Love then appears . The advertisement will be shot in the style of caricature which makes it simple and easy to comprehend. Even children will be able to understand the advertisement; therefore, the target audience is broadened. This inspiration comes from Fresh Start—the campaign which is called up by Welsh government to stop smoking in cars. This campaign used children as their starting points and inspired people stopping smoking. ((2012). GOLLEY SLATER LAUNCHES FRESH START WALES. Online] Last accessed December 13th). 2. Advertisement directed towards cancer survivors and their families The second advertisement is aimed at encouraging people who have suffered from cancer to be hopeful and to trust Livestrong. This advertisement will focus on the reliability of the Livestrong foundation. Th e advertisement has a black and white tone to portray people’s emotion after knowing that they get cancer. This scene will simply focus on the facial shots of people who have just found out that they have cancer. Sad music plays in the background to enhance the affect.After this, the Livestrong wristbands appear. The yellow color of the wristband symbolizes sunshine and how Livestrong can brighten the lives of those who suffer from this terrible disease. The advertisement ends with the frame being full of sunshine and smiles on the faces of the people who suffer from cancer. Platform: These advertisements will be played in public places, such as subway stations and bus stops because it has a wider reach in terms of viewers. Some posters with a similar theme will also be used as outdoor advertisements. There will also be a donation box near the screen.This is done because people will feel the need to donate immediately after viewing such a touching advertisement. Prediction: I t is estimated that 6 months into the advertising campaign, the awareness of Livestrong will increase by 30%. Also, the donation towards the Livestrong foundation will also increase about 10%. Promotional Channel : Viral Marketing Objective: Increase people’s awareness of Livestrong Strategy: Take advantage of social media, such as Youtube, Twitter and Facebook to let more people know Livestrong’s new image Tactics: 1. Flash MobThere will be several â€Å"flash mob† activities in target cities, such as London and Manchester, which means organizing about 50 people at the city landmark wearing Livestrong apparel and repeat the Livestrong’s slogan. All this will be recorded and broadcasted onto social media sites. This tactic is inspired by the popularity of Psy’s Gangnam Style. Gangnam Style’s shoot to popularity is attributed to the effective use of social media through which it gained global recognition. 2. Twitter and Livestrong Another act ivity, mainly to do with Twitter, can also be undertaken.A custom designed poster stating â€Å"Keep Calm and Trust Livestrong† will be posted by Livestrong. Every time the poster is re-tweeted, Livestrong will donate 1 pound towards a cancer rehabilitation center. This action will not only help people who suffer from cancer, but will also pique the attention and interest of the people and increase brand awareness. Platform: Social media will be the main platform for this strategy as it is currently more popular than traditional means of marketing. Social media will reach a very wide range of audience†¦ from the youth to the older generation.Also, the broadcasting speed of social media is faster compared to broadcasting via traditional means. ————————————————- Prediction: In this six months campaign, Livestrong’s exposure rate on social media will increa se and people will have more positive aspects to discuss about Livestrong. ————————————————- Word Count: 3,275 References British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2012), â€Å"Lance Armstrong receives US Anti-Doping Agency charges. ’ [Online] Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/sport/0/cycling/18435771 [Accessed: 1 December 2012].Burleigh, N. (2012), ‘Will Livestrong Stay Strong? ’ [Online] Available at: http://www. bicycling. com/news/featured-stories/will-livestrong-stay-strong? page=0,1 [Accessed: 1 December 2012] CNN (2012) ‘Livestrong bracelet: To wear or not to wear?. ’ [Online]. Available at: http://www. cnn. co. uk/2012/10/18/living/lance-armstrong-livestrong-legacy/index. html [Accessed: 1 December 2012] Gifford, B. (2012), ‘It's not about the lab rats. ’ [Online]. Available at: http://www. outsideonline. com/outdoo r-adventure/athletes/lance-armstrong/Its-Not-About-the-Lab-Rats. tml? page=all [Accessed: 1 December 2012]. Golly Slater (2012), ‘Golly Slater launches Fresh Start Wales. ’ [Online]. Available at: http://www. golleyslater. co. uk/services/public-relations/news/news-detail. php? id=976 [Accessed 29 November 2012] Livestrong (2012) Livestrong Milestones [Online]. Available at: http://www. livestrong. org/Who-We-Are/Our-History/Milestones [Accessed: 10 December 2012]. Maclaggan, C. (2012) ‘Exclusive: Livestrong cancer charity drops Lance Armstrong name from title’ [Online]. Available at: http://www. chicagotribune. om/sports/olympics/sns-rt-us-cycling-armstrong-livestrongbre8ae000-20121114,0,6273785. story [Accessed: 1 December 2012]. Mary, P. (2012) ‘Armstrong Is Dropped by Nike and Steps Down as Foundation Chairman. ’ [Online]. Available at: http://www. nytimes. com/2012/10/18/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-dropped-by-nike-steps-down-as-chairman -of-his-charity. html? pagewanted=all [Accessed: 1 December 2012]. New York Times (2012) ‘Times Topic: Lance Armstrong. ’ [Online]. Available at: http://topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index. tml [Accessed: 1 December 2012]. Petchsky, B. (2012), ‘A full list of the brave brave companies that dropped lance Armstrong only after Nike did. ’ [Online] Available at: http://deadspin. com/5952679/a-full-list-of-the-brave-brave-companies-that-dropped-lance-armstrong-as-an-endorser-only-after-nike-did. [Accessed: 1 December 12]. Regester, M. & Larkin, J. , (2008) Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations: A Casebook of Best Practice. London: Kogan Page. Schrotenboer, B. (2012), ‘Livestrong: Only 8 donors asked for their money back. ’ [Online]. Available at: http://www. usatoday. om/story/sports/cycling/2012/11/12/livestrong-lance-arms trong-doping/1700831/ [Accessed: 1 December 2012]. Scope (2012), â₠¬ËœThe Spastics Society to Scope: The story of the name change and relaunch November in 1994. ’ [Online] Available at: http://www. scope. org. uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/History/Scope_name_change. pdf [Accessed: 1 December 2012]. Vertuno, J. (2012) ‘Lance Armstrong Cuts Formal Ties to Livestrong, Resigns from Board’ [Online]. Available at: http://www. therepublic. com/view/story/c98e415cc01346f19a7a67a12ead195f/CYC–Armstrong-Livestrong [Accessed:1 December 2012].Wall Street Journal (2012) Statement by Lance Armstrong [Online]. Available at: http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052702303734204577464962634804348. html [Accessed: 1 December 2012]. APPENDIX The Livestrong Foundation Perspective of Lance Armstron’s Allegations: The Livestrong Foundation was initially very supportive of Lance Armstrong during the doping incident. However, Lance Armstrong stepped down from the board of directors of the foundation and ended all association with Livest rong. This was done to ensure that the negative publicity directed towards Lance Armstrong would not affect Livestrong’s popularity.The incoming board chairman, Jeff Garvey, said that Armstrong was distancing himself from Livestrong to protect it against any damage resulting from his doping controversy. â€Å"Lance Armstrong was instrumental in changing the way the world views people affected by cancer,† Garvey said. â€Å"His devotion to serving survivors is unparalleled and for 15 years, he committed himself to that cause with all his heart. † (The New York Times 2012). Livestrong CEO Doug Ulman, a cancer survivor himself, sees the scandal as little more than a sad distraction from a noble cause, and he sees no need for a formal distancing from Armstrong. This organization has never been stronger in terms of fulfilling our mission and the support that we receive from literally millions of people,† he says. â€Å"We are trying to tackle a global problem, the number one cause of death around the world. And so the investigation unfortunately has become a distraction from our mission. We are literally, positively changing lives every day and we have so much more to do and to be pulled away and distracted even for 10 minutes is

Taking Creative Control by Self-Publishing My Books

Taking Creative Control by Self-Publishing My Books How Self-Publishing Gave me the Creative Control I Needed Christina Hamlett is an award-winning author whose credits to date include 34 books, 161 plays, five optioned feature films, and hundreds of articles and interviews. She is also a script consultant for the movie industry and a professional ghostwriter. Read on to find out about her experience with traditional publishing and her decision to take creative control of her book into her own hands.Twenty-six years later, I still remember the unabashed giddiness I felt when my agent told me that my first novel, The Enchanter, was going to be published in hardcover. When the editor sent me a long questionnaire to fill out regarding the type of artwork I envisioned for the cover, I couldn’t have been more excited. I had definite ideas about the kind of â€Å"look† I wanted to fit the romantic time-travel storyline of a handsome young Merlin coming to modern-day Washington DC in order to recover the stolen Excalibur.Traditional publishing and a lack of creative controlYou can, th us, imagine how deflated I felt when the cover art arrived, and I had no say-so in requesting changes. Not only had the artists decided to leave off the two main characters but the sword they featured was clearly for one-handed French duelling and not Arthurian legend-making. Dratimus maximus.When, a few years later, I was contracted for four romantic suspense novels with HarperCollins, my assumption was that I’d actually get covers that reflected my input as the author. Not so. In fact, the third book – Hunter’s Heart – had to be hastily withdrawn and fixed in order to erase the heroine’s accidental mustache, a mistake that at least four people at HC failed to notice during production. If there’s architecture that’s significant to the setting, don’t force your designer to interpret what â€Å"a big house with a lot of trees† looks like. Is it Georgian Colonial? Craftsman? Cape Cod? French Provincial? Are the trees Oak? Palm? Evergreen? Willow? Your designer is not psychic.Respect your designer’s time. Having done book covers for my own clients, nothing is more infuriating than someone who keeps changing his/her mind.Remember to provide a design credit. While most authors do this on the back cover or acknowledgments page, my choice was to give Isabelle her own photo and bio at the end of the book. That placement was indeed well deserved!Just Say You’re Mine is available in paperback on Amazon US, Amazon UK, and Amazon Canada. Find out more on Christina's website!Have you gone through the process of both traditional publishing and self-publishing a book? Is full creative control something that matters to you? Leave your thoug hts, experiences, or any questions for Christina in the comments below.

The Myth of Er From the Republic of Plato

The Myth of Er From the Republic of Plato The Myth of Er from Platos Republic tells the story of a soldier, Er, who is thought to be dead and descends to the underworld. But when he revives he is sent back to tell humanity what awaits them in the afterlife.    Er describes an afterlife where the just are rewarded and the wicked are punished. Souls are then reborn into a new body and a new life, and the new life they choose will reflect how they have lived in their previous life and the state of their soul at death.   The Myth of Er (Jowett Translation) Well, I said, I will tell you a tale; not one of the tales which Odysseus tells to the hero Alcinous, yet this too is a tale of a hero, Er the son of Armenius, a Pamphylian by birth. He was slain in battle, and ten days afterwards, when the bodies of the dead were taken up already in a state of corruption, his body was found unaffected by decay, and carried away home to be buried. And on the twelfth day, as he was lying on the funeral pile, he returned to life and told them what he had seen in the other world. He said that when his soul left the body he went on a journey with a great company, and that they came to a mysterious place at which there were two openings in the earth; they were near together, and over against them were two other openings in the heaven above. In the intermediate space there were judges seated, who commanded the just, after they had given judgment on them and had bound their sentences in front of them, to ascend by the heavenly way on the right hand; and in like manner the unjust were bidden by them to descend by the lower way on the left hand; these also bore the symbols of their deeds, but fastened on their backs. He drew near, and they told him that he was to be the messenger who would carry the report of the other world to men, and they bade him hear and see all that was to be heard and seen in that place. Then he beheld and saw on one side the souls departing at either opening of heaven and earth when sentence had been given on them; and at the two other openings other souls, some ascending out of the earth dusty and worn with travel, some descending out of heaven clean and bright. And arriving ever and anon they seemed to have come from a long journey, and they went forth with gladness into the meadow, where they encamped as at a festival; and those who knew one another embraced and conversed, the souls which came from earth curiously enquiring about the things above, and the souls which came from heaven about the things beneath. And they told one another of what had happened by the way, those from below weeping and sorrowing at the remembrance of the things which they had endured and seen in their journey beneath the earth (now the journey lasted a thousand years), while those from above were describing heavenly delights and visions of inconceivable beauty. The story, Glaucon, would take too long to tell; but the sum was this:- He said that for every wrong which they had done to any one they suffered tenfold; or once in a hundred years- such being reckoned to be the length of mans life, and the penalty being thus paid ten times in a thousand years. If, for example, there were any who had been the cause of many deaths, or had betrayed or enslaved cities or armies, or been guilty of any other evil behavior, for each and all of their offences they received punishment ten times over, and the rewards of beneficence and justice and holiness were in the same proportion. I need hardly repeat what he said concerning young children dying almost as soon as they were born. Of piety and impiety to gods and parents, and of murderers, there were retributions other and greater far which he described. He mentioned that he was present when one of the spirits asked another, Where is Ardiaeus the Great? (Now this Ardiaeus lived a thousand years before the time of Er: he had been the tyrant of some city of Pamphylia, and had murdered his aged father and his elder brother, and was said to have committed many other abominable crimes.) The answer of the other spirit was: He comes not hither and will never come. And this, said he, was one of the dreadful sights which we ourselves witnessed. We were at the mouth of the cavern, and, having completed all our experiences, were about to reascend, when of a sudden Ardiaeus appeared and several others, most of whom were tyrants; and there were also besides the tyrants private individuals who had been great criminals: they were just, as they fancied, about to return into the upper world, but the mouth, instead of admitting them, gave a roar, whenever any of these incurable sinners or some one who had not been sufficiently punished tried to ascend; and then wild men of fiery aspect, who were standing by and heard the sound, seized and carried them off; and Ardiaeus and others they bound head and foot and hand, and threw them down and flayed them with scourges, and dragged them along the road at the side, carding them on thorns like wool, and declaring to the passers-by what were their crimes, and that they were being taken away to be cast into hell. And of all the many terrors which they had endured, he said that there was none like the terror which each of them felt at that moment, lest they should hear the voice; and when there was silence, one by one they ascended with exceeding joy. These, said Er, were the penalties and retributions, and there were blessings as great. Now when the spirits which were in the meadow had tarried seven days, on the eighth they were obliged to proceed on their journey, and, on the fourth day after, he said that they came to a place where they could see from above a line of light, straight as a column, extending right through the whole heaven and through the earth, in colour resembling the rainbow, only brighter and purer; another days journey brought them to the place, and there, in the midst of the light, they saw the ends of the chains of heaven let down from above: for this light is the belt of heaven, and holds together the circle of the universe, like the under-girders of a trireme. From these ends is extended the spindle of Necessity, on which all the revolutions turn. The shaft and hook of this spindle are made of steel, and the whorl is made partly of steel and also partly of other materials. Now the whorl is in form like the whorl used on earth; and the description of it implied that there is one large hollow whorl which is quite scooped out, and into this is fitted another lesser one, and another, and another, and four others, making eight in all, like vessels which fit into one another; the whorls show their edges on the upper side, and on their lower side all together form one continuous whorl. This is pierced by the spindle, which is driven home through the centre of the eighth. The first and outermost whorl has the rim broadest, and the seven inner whorls are narrower, in the following proportions- the sixth is next to the first in size, the fourth next to the sixth; then comes the eighth; the seventh is fifth, the fifth is sixth, the third is seventh, last and eighth comes the second. The largest (or fixed stars) is spangled, and the seventh (or sun) is brightest; the eighth (or moon) coloured by the reflected light of the seventh; the second and fifth (Saturn and Mercury) are in colour like one another, and yellower than the preceding; the third (Venus) has the whitest light; the fourth (Mars) is reddish; the sixth (Jupiter) is in whiteness second. Now the whole spindle has the same motion; but, as the whole revolves in one direction, the seven inner circles move slowly in the other, and of these the swiftest is the eighth; next in swiftness are the seventh, sixth, and fifth, which move together; third in swiftness appeared to move according to the law of this reversed motion the fourth; the third appeared fourth and the second fifth. The spindle turns on the knees of Necessity; and on the upper surface of each circle is a siren, who goes round with them, hymning a single tone or note. The eight together form one harmony; and round about, at equal intervals, there is another band, three in number, each sitting upon her throne: these are the Fates, daughters of Necessity, who are clothed in white robes and have chaplets upon their heads, Lachesis and Clotho and Atropos, who accompany with their voices the harmony of the sirens- Lachesis singing of the past, Clotho of the present, Atropos of the future; Clotho from time to time assisting with a touch of her right hand the revolution of the outer circle of the whorl or spindle, and Atropos with her left hand touching and guiding the inner ones, and Lachesis laying hold of either in turn, first with one hand and then with the other. When Er and the spirits arrived, their duty was to go at once to Lachesis; but first of all there came a prophet who arranged them in order; then he took from the knees of Lachesis lots and samples of lives, and having mounted a high pulpit, spoke as follows: Hear the word of Lachesis, the daughter of Necessity. Mortal souls, behold a new cycle of life and mortality. Your genius will not be allotted to you, but you will choose your genius; and let him who draws the first lot have the first choice, and the life which he chooses shall be his destiny. Virtue is free, and as a man honours or dishonours her he will have more or less of her; the responsibility is with the chooser- God is justified. When the Interpreter had thus spoken he scattered lots indifferently among them all, and each of them took up the lot which fell near him, all but Er himself (he was not allowed), and each as he took his lot perceived the number which he had obtained. Then the Interpreter placed on the ground before them the samples of lives; and there were many more lives than the souls present, and they were of all sorts. There were lives of every animal and of man in every condition. And there were tyrannies among them, some lasting out the tyrants life, others which broke off in the middle and came to an end in poverty and exile and beggary; and there were lives of famous men, some who were famous for their form and beauty as well as for their strength and success in games, or, again, for their birth and the qualities of their ancestors; and some who were the reverse of famous for the opposite qualities. And of women likewise; there was not, however, any definite character in them, because the soul, when choosing a new life, must of necessity become different. But there was every other quality, and the all mingled with one another, and also with elements of wealth and poverty, and disease and health; and there were mean states also. And here, my dear Glaucon, is the supreme peril of our human state; and therefore the utmost care should be taken. Let each one of us leave every other kind of knowledge and seek and follow one thing only, if peradventure he may be able to learn and may find some one who will make him able to learn and discern between good and evil, and so to choose always and everywhere the better life as he has opportunity. He should consider the bearing of all these things which have been mentioned severally and collectively upon virtue; he should know what the effect of beauty is when combined with poverty or wealth in a particular soul, and what are the good and evil consequences of noble and humble birth, of private and public station, of strength and weakness, of cleverness and dullness, and of all the natural and acquired gifts of the soul, and the operation of them when conjoined; he will then look at the nature of the soul, and from the consideration of all these qualities he will be able to determine which is the better and which is the worse; and so he will choose, giving the name of evil to the life which will make his soul more unjust, and good to the life which will make his soul more just; all else he will disregard. For we have seen and know that this is the best choice both in life and after death. A man must take with him into the world below an adamantine faith in truth and right, that there too he may be undazzled by the desire of wealth or the other allurements of evil, lest, coming upon tyrannies and similar villainies, he do irremediable wrongs to others and suffer yet worse himself; but let him know how to choose the mean and avoid the extremes on either side, as far as possible, not only in this life but in all that which is to come. For this is the way of happiness. And according to the report of the messenger from the other world this was what the prophet said at the time: Even for the last comer, if he chooses wisely and will live diligently, there is appointed a happy and not undesirable existence. Let not him who chooses first be careless, and let not the last despair. And when he had spoken, he who had the first choice came forward and in a moment chose the greatest tyranny; his mind having been darkened by folly and sensuality, he had not thought out the whole matter before he chose, and did not at first sight perceive that he was fated, among other evils, to devour his own children. But when he had time to reflect, and saw what was in the lot, he began to beat his breast and lament over his choice, forgetting the proclamation of the prophet; for, instead of throwing the blame of his misfortune on himself, he accused chance and the gods, and everything rather than himself. Now he was one of those who came from heaven, and in a former life had dwelt in a well-ordered State, but his virtue was a matter of habit only, and he had no philosophy. And it was true of others who were similarly overtaken, that the greater number of them came from heaven and therefore they had never been schooled by trial, whereas the pilgrims who came from earth having themselves suffered and seen others suffer, were not in a hurry to choose. And owing to this inexperience of theirs, and also because the lot was a chance, many of the souls exchanged a good destiny for an evil or an evil for a good. For if a man had always on his arrival in this world dedicated himself from the first to sound philosophy, and had been moderately fortunate in the number of the lot, he might, as the messenger reported, be happy here, and also his journey to another life and return to this, instead of being rough and underground, would be smooth and heavenly. Most curious, he said, was the spectacle- sad and laughable and strange; for the choice of the souls was in most cases based on their experience of a previous life. There he saw the soul which had once been Orpheus choosing the life of a swan out of enmity to the race of women, hating to be born of a woman because they had been his murderers; he beheld also the soul of Thamyras choosing the life of a nightingale; birds, on the other hand, like the swan and other musicians, wanting to be men. The soul which obtained the twentieth lot chose the life of a lion, and this was the soul of Ajax the son of Telamon, who would not be a man, remembering the injustice which was done him in the judgment about the arms. The next was Agamemnon, who took the life of an eagle, because, like Ajax, he hated human nature by reason of his sufferings. About the middle came the lot of Atalanta; she, seeing the great fame of an athlete, was unable to resist the temptation: and after her there followed the soul of Epeus the son of Panopeus passing into the nature of a woman cunning in the arts; and far away among the last who chose, the soul of the jester Thersites was putting on the form of a monkey. There came also the soul of Odysseus having yet to make a choice, and his lot happened to be the last of them all. Now the recollection of former toils had disenchanted him of ambition, and he went about for a considerable time in search of the life of a private man who had no cares; he had some difficulty in finding this, which was lying about and had been neglected by everybody else; and when he saw it, he said that he would have done the same had his lot been first instead of last, and that he was delighted to have it. And not only did men pass into animals, but I must also mention that there were animals tame and wild who changed into one another and into corresponding human natures- the good into the gentle and the evil into the savage, in all sorts of combinations. All the souls had now chosen their lives, and they went in the order of their choice to Lachesis, who sent with them the genius whom they had severally chosen, to be the guardian of their lives and the fulfiller of the choice: this genius led the souls first to Clotho, and drew them within the revolution of the spindle impelled by her hand, thus ratifying the destiny of each; and then, when they were fastened to this, carried them to Atropos, who spun the threads and made them irreversible, whence without turning round they passed beneath the throne of Necessity; and when they had all passed, they marched on in a scorching heat to the plain of Forgetfulness, which was a barren waste destitute of trees and verdure; and then towards evening they encamped by the river of Unmindfulness, whose water no vessel can hold; of this they were all obliged to drink a certain quantity, and those who were not saved by wisdom drank more than was necessary; and each one as he drank forgot all things. Now after they had gone to rest, about the middle of the night there was a thunderstorm and earthquake, and then in an instant they were driven upwards in all manner of ways to their birth, like stars shooting. He himself was hindered from drinking the water. But in what manner or by what means he returned to the body he could not say; only, in the morning, awaking suddenly, he found himself lying on the pyre. And thus, Glaucon, the tale has been saved and has not perished, and will save us if we are obedient to the word spoken; and we shall pass safely over the river of Forgetfulness and our soul will not be defiled. Wherefore my counsel is, that we hold fast ever to the heavenly way and follow after justice and virtue always, considering that the soul is immortal and able to endure every sort of good and every sort of evil. Thus shall we live dear to one another and to the gods, both while remaining here and when, like conquerors in the games who go round to gather gifts, we receive our reward. And it shall be well with us both in this life and in the pilgrimage of a thousand years which we have been describing. Some References for Platos Republic Suggestions based on: Oxford Bibliographies Online Ferrari, G. R. F. .Reeve, C. D. C. .White, Nicholas P. .Williams, Bernard. The Analogy of City and Soul in Platos Republic. The Sense of the Past: Essays in the History of Philosophy. Edited by Bernard Williams, 108-117. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Ammianus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ammianus - Assignment Example Gestae 31.4 the preferable perspective is that the battle was roman induced against Gothic since they were not settled and suffered hardships in the process of getting used to the Roman system. In support of this perspective, Ammianus’ Res Gestae 31.4 argues that the battle began in 376 after the death of Christ; the Goths after being displaced decided to get refuge in the Roman Empire. This is in the hope that they would get used to farming and become soldiers. On reaching the empire, the Gothic began revolts led by Lupinicus and Maximus since they were undergoing hardships in the hands of the Romans. As a result of these attacks by Gothic, the Roman emperor in 378 after death of Christ decided to retaliate with reinforcement from his allies and the Gothic claimed for some Roman territory in order to stop the battle. This made the emperor furious and combined the army into seven legions composed of war veterans. They aimed at capturing and enslaving the Gothic and to take over the lost territories (Ammianus’ Res Gestae 31.4) Ammianus’ Res Gestae 31.4 describes this perspective as preferable since there is evidence that the Gothic tried to take over the Roman Empire as a result of the hardships they went through. This came in a bid to stop the harshness that they were receiving from the Romans who were supposed to offer homage to the